{"id":13483,"date":"2023-10-05T20:44:48","date_gmt":"2023-10-05T20:44:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/clasificarea-formele-si-tipurile-scoliozei\/"},"modified":"2025-10-05T20:43:23","modified_gmt":"2025-10-05T20:43:23","slug":"classification-forms-and-types-of-scoliosis","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/en\/coloana-vertebrala\/classification-forms-and-types-of-scoliosis\/","title":{"rendered":"Classification, Forms, and Types of Scoliosis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Emisiunea &quot;Doctorii&quot;. Invitat ast\u0103zi Nicolai Shavga.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/g1UUfiry8P4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><br><strong>Scoliotic disease<\/strong> is a genetically determined disorder of the human musculoskeletal system, characterized by a multi-planar deformation of the spine, rib cage, and pelvis. It is accompanied by impaired function of the body\u2019s organs and systems and causes severe physical and emotional suffering, leading to early disability and a significant reduction in life expectancy.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"442\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/2-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11946\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/2-1.jpg 442w, https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/2-1-300x238.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Scoliosis is among the most complex problems in modern orthopedics. According to literature data, the prevalence of scoliosis among the pediatric population is 5-9% (Charles Y.P., Daures J.-P., de Rosa V., 2006).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to epidemiological studies conducted by the Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (Research Institute TsZMR) in 2000, the prevalence of scoliosis in the Republic of Moldova reaches 5.2% within the structure of musculoskeletal diseases. Research data indicate that the average life expectancy of untreated patients with severe forms of scoliotic disease does not exceed 35-40 years (Kralin A.B. 2003, Nazon D., Abergel G., 2003, Shimizu K; Hirakata M. 2006, Everett C.R., Patel R.K. 2007).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A characteristic feature of scoliosis is progression, which is associated with the age and growth of the child.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Orthopedic doctors distinguish <strong>4 stages of scoliosis development<\/strong>:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"741\" height=\"287\" src=\"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11947\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/3.png 741w, https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/3-300x116.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 741px) 100vw, 741px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Stage 1:<\/strong> Curve angle does not exceed 10 degrees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This stage is the hardest to diagnose. The patient feels no pain and does not notice posture changes. Detecting the curvature so early can be considered very fortunate. Treatment at this stage consists of massage, therapeutic physical exercises, and wearing a brace for a few hours per day (usually at night). Conservative methods at this stage have a positive effect in 99% of cases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Stage 2:<\/strong> Curve angle from 10 to 25 degrees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The second curve is just beginning to form; scapular asymmetry becomes visible when bending forward. Correcting the spinal curvature is possible in about 80% of cases. The patient is prescribed massage, a set of physical exercises, and corset therapy. There is no pain, so no medications are prescribed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Stage 3:<\/strong> Angle from 25 to 50 degrees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A severe form. In addition to scapular asymmetry there appears a rib hump, which is clearly visible from the side. The deformation starts to affect the function of the rib cage, respiratory organs, and the cardiovascular system. The patient is required to wear a brace for at least 16 hours a day. Treatment of stage 3 scoliosis implies comprehensive therapy: swimming, physical therapy, manual procedures, massage. Sometimes pain-relieving medication is needed. In severe cases, the doctor may decide on surgery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Stage 4:<\/strong> The most severe \u2014 curve angle over 50 degrees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Several types of scoliosis are distinguished:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lumbar<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cervical<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thoracic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In some cases, <strong>combined<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>By patient\u2019s age scoliosis is divided into categories:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Infantile (patients under 3 years old)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Juvenile (3\u201310 years)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Adolescent (10\u201315 years)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Adult<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Forms of scoliosis by etiology and pathogenesis:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Congenital (including dysplastic and idiopathic)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Neurogenic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Static<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Congenital scoliosis is caused by deformities arising from changes in the spinal skeletal structure: rib fusion on one side, extra ribs and hemivertebrae, synostosis of spinous processes, defects in the vertebral arches, dysplasia of the lumbosacral area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dysplastic scoliosis develops due to anomalies in vertebral development (spondylolysis, failure of vertebral arches to close, unilateral sacralization or lumbarization). Because of shared congenital origins, many combine congenital and dysplastic forms under one category.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Idiopathic scoliosis \u2014 the most common form \u2014 but its origins remain not fully understood. Some biochemical findings suggest hormonal factors. Many authors note disturbance of neuromuscular balance or some neuro-dystrophic processes (especially in muscle tissue) of congenital character. Thus, many researchers classify idiopathic scoliosis alongside dysplastic and congenital scoliosis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Neurogenic scoliosis mostly arises from prior poliomyelitis and is caused by imbalance in the back muscles and oblique abdominal muscles. Neurogenic scoliosis also includes cases arising from myopathy, syringomyelia, neurofibromatosis, spastic paralysis, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Static scoliosis most often arises as a result of disorders of a lower limb joint (ankylosis, congenital hip dislocation, etc.), accompanied by shortening of the limb and subsequent persistent changes in the spine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"258\" height=\"429\" data-id=\"11948\" src=\"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/4.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11948\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/4.jpg 258w, https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/4-180x300.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"258\" height=\"429\" data-id=\"11949\" src=\"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11949\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5.jpg 258w, https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5-180x300.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"258\" height=\"429\" data-id=\"11950\" src=\"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/6.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11950\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/6.jpg 258w, https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/6-180x300.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"258\" height=\"429\" data-id=\"11951\" src=\"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/7.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11951\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/7.jpg 258w, https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/7-180x300.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"258\" height=\"429\" data-id=\"11952\" src=\"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/8.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11952\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/8.jpg 258w, https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/8-180x300.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"258\" height=\"429\" data-id=\"11953\" src=\"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/9.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11953\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/9.jpg 258w, https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/9-180x300.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Forms of curvature by clinical course:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Based on how quickly the disease progresses, two categories are used:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Progressive<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Non-progressive<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Slowly progressive: increase of curvature angle up to 9 degrees per year<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rapidly progressive: increase of curvature angle of 10 degrees or more per year<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Radiological signs are used to determine the degree of scoliosis progression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Degree by severity of deformation<\/strong> (J.I.P. James, 1954; J.R. Cobb angle, 1948)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>0\u201369\u00b0 \u2014 mild degree<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>37\u201398\u00b0 \u2014 severe degree<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>100\u00b0 \u2014 very severe degree<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>By change of deformation depending on load on the spine:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Non-fixed (unstable) scoliosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fixed (stable) scoliosis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>By curve variant<\/strong> (Lenke classification, L.G. Lenke, 2006)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Lenke classification there are three subcategories used for diagnosis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol style=\"list-style-type:upper-roman\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>TYPES OF SCOLIOTIC CURVES<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>II. LUMBAR MODIFIER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The lumbar modifier is determined by identifying the position of the most laterally displaced vertebra in relation to the Central Sacral Vertical Line (CSVL).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Lumbar Modifier A<\/strong> \u2013 The CSVL passes between the pedicles of L1\u2013L4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lumbar Modifier B<\/strong> \u2013 The CSVL touches the pedicle of the apical vertebra (L1\u2013L4).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lumbar Modifier C<\/strong> \u2013 The CSVL is located medial to the apical vertebra.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>III. THORACIC SAGITTAL MODIFIER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The thoracic sagittal modifier is based on the Cobb angle measured between the superior endplate of T5 and the inferior endplate of T12 on a lateral radiograph.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hypokyphosis (\u2013)<\/strong>: Angle less than +10\u00b0, or lordosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Normokyphosis (N)<\/strong>: Angle between +10\u00b0 and +40\u00b0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hyperkyphosis (+)<\/strong>: Angle greater than +40\u00b0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>USE OF THE LENKE CLASSIFICATION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Lenke classification includes the <strong>Curve Type<\/strong> (Types 1\u20136), <strong>Lumbar Modifier<\/strong> (A, B, or C), and, from the lateral radiograph, the <strong>Thoracic Sagittal Modifier<\/strong> (\u2013, N, +).<br>For example: <strong>1A\u2013<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Scoliotic disease is a genetically determined disorder of the human musculoskeletal system, characterized by a multi-planar deformation of the spine, rib cage, and pelvis. It is accompanied by impaired function of the body\u2019s organs and systems and causes severe physical and emotional suffering, leading to early disability and a significant reduction in life expectancy. Scoliosis [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13484,"parent":13485,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13483","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Classification, Forms, and Types of Scoliosis - Asocia\u0163ia Ob\u015fteasc\u0103 &#039;&#039;HEALTHY SPINE&#039;&#039;<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ro.cvot.md\/en\/coloana-vertebrala\/classification-forms-and-types-of-scoliosis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Classification, Forms, and Types of Scoliosis - Asocia\u0163ia Ob\u015fteasc\u0103 &#039;&#039;HEALTHY SPINE&#039;&#039;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Scoliotic disease is a genetically determined disorder of the human musculoskeletal system, characterized by a multi-planar deformation of the spine, rib cage, and pelvis. 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